Abstract

Background: Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs), particularly luxation injuries of permanent maxillary incisors, require timely management and standardized follow-up to minimize complications. This study describes the clinical–epidemiological characteristics of periodontal ligament injuries in permanent maxillary incisors and to evaluate early treatment outcomes using standardized criteria.

Methods: A descriptive study with longitudinal follow-up was conducted on 40 patients with 112 permanent maxillary incisors diagnosed with periodontal ligament injuries and treated at the Center of Odonto-Stomatology, Hue Central Hospital (June 2024–December 2025). Management and follow-up were performed according to the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) 2020 guidelines. Follow-up outcomes were standardized to the full cohort and reported for all 112 teeth at follow-up time points.

Results: Males accounted for 52.5%. Traffic accidents were the most common cause (60.0%). Central incisors represented 66.1% of injured teeth. The most frequent periodontal ligament injuries were tooth mobility (63.4%) and lateral luxation (25.9%). Hard tissue injuries were observed in 32.1%, mainly uncomplicated enamel–dentin fractures. The mean time from injury to splinting was 20.47 ± 19.09 hours. In the followed subgroup (n = 79), the proportion of physiologic mobility (grade 0) increased from 6.2% at baseline to 64.6% at 6 months (T4), while pulp necrosis increased and reached 62.0% at 6 months.

Conclusions: TDIs in permanent maxillary incisors in Hue were mainly related to traffic accidents and commonly presented with combined soft/hard tissue injuries. Applying IADT-based protocols and standardized outcome criteria supports structured follow-up and early detection of complications.